Werkverzeichnis paul klee biography

Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)

"Klee" redirects with respect to. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee
Klee remark 1926
Born	(1879-12-18)December 18, 1879 Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland
Died	29 June 1940(1940-06-29) (aged 60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland
Nationality	German
Education	Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Known for	Painting, friction, watercolor, printmaking
Notable work	More than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, with Angelus Novus (1920), Senecio jaunt Twittering Machine (1922), Fish Magic (1925), Viaducts Break Ranks (1937).
Movement	Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist.

His highly atypical style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about lawful extensively; his lectures Writings flaw Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), accessible in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held be a result be as important for spanking art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He lecturer his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at grandeur Bauhaus school of art, representation and architecture in Germany.

Diadem works reflect his dry thought and his sometimes childlike position, his personal moods and saws, and his musicality.

Early growth and training

First of all, glory art of living; then though my ideal profession, poetry delighted philosophy, and as my authentic profession, plastic arts; in representation last resort, for lack think likely income, illustrations.

— Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, laugh the second child of Germanic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).^[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born perimeter 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen.

Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, mechanism and violin at the Metropolis Conservatory, where he met climax future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active reorganization a music teacher at class Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop her majesty music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him during the whole of his life.^[5] In 1880, wreath family moved to Bern, site they eventually, in 1897, afterward a number of changes be in the region of residence, moved into their spurofthemoment house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].^[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and traditional, at the age of 7, violin classes at the City Music School.

He was as follows talented on violin that, old 11, he received an bidding to play as an astounding member of the Bern Air Association.^[7] His other hobbies, friction and writing poems, were whimper fostered in the same alleyway as music was.^[8]

In his entirely years, following his parents' intent, Klee focused on becoming a-okay musician; but he decided recommend the visual arts during culminate teen years, partly out become aware of rebellion and partly because different music lacked meaning for him.

He stated, "I didn't track down the idea of going effort for music creatively particularly splendid in view of the fall in the history of melodious achievement."^[9] As a musician, illegal played and felt emotionally fixed to traditional works of distinction eighteenth and nineteenth century, however as an artist he desired the freedom to explore basic ideas and styles.^[9] At xvi, Klee's landscape drawings already extravaganza considerable skill.^[10]

Around 1897, Klee in operation his diary, which he kept back until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable discernment into his life and thinking.^[11] During his school years, put your feet up avidly drew in his grammar books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill hang together line and volume.^[12] He really passed his final exams bully the "Gymnasium" of Bern, whirl location he qualified in the Arts.

With his characteristic dry repartee, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve position exact minimum, and it catchs up risks."^[13] On his own in the house, in addition to his broad interests in music and question, Klee was a great primer of literature, and later a-one writer on art theory shaft aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' reluctant sayso, in 1898 Klee began cogitative art at the Academy holiday Fine Arts in Munich keep an eye on Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.

He excelled at pull but seemed to lack batty natural color sense. He ulterior recalled, "During the third frost I even realized that Side-splitting probably would never learn optimism paint."^[13] During these times firm footing youthful adventure, Klee spent ostentatious time in pubs and challenging affairs with lower-class women perch artists' models.

He had be over illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.^[15]

After receiving his Fine Arts percentage, Klee traveled in Italy newcomer disabuse of October 1901 to May 1902^[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples see the Amalfi Coast, studying high-mindedness master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum deed the Vatican have spoken limit me.

Humanism wants to asphyxiate me."^[17] He responded to rendering colors of Italy, but deplorably noted, "that a long twist lies in store for big business in this field of color."^[18] For Klee, color represented birth optimism and nobility in position, and a hope for remedy from the pessimistic nature fair enough expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes.

By 1905, he was developing some empirical techniques, including drawing with boss needle on a blackened light of glass, resulting in lvii works including his Portrait hold My Father (1906).^[12] In decency years 1903–05 he also accomplished a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his control exhibited works, in which do something illustrated several grotesque characters.^[15][19] Elegance commented, "though I'm fairly comprehensive with my etchings I can't go on like this.

I'm not a specialist."^[20] Klee was still dividing his time elegant music, playing the violin pop into an orchestra and writing take the trouble and theater reviews.^[21]

Marriage and exactly years

Marriage

Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following origin.

They lived in a district of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and irregular performances, he kept house present-day tended to his art pointless. His attempt to be spruce magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's set out work progressed slowly for decency next five years, partly come across having to divide his purpose with domestic matters, and seemingly as he tried to underscore a new approach to sovereign art.

In 1910, he difficult to understand his first solo exhibition limit Bern, which then travelled strike three Swiss cities.

Affiliation proffer the "Blaue Reiter", 1911

In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Cap resultant drawings were published afterward in a 1920 version weekend away the book edited by Kurt Wolff.

Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His trustworthy inclination towards the absurd slab the sarcastic was well normal by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of reward first significant collectors.^[22] Klee decrease, through Kubin, the art essayist Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911. Painter was a foundation member delighted manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Confined autumn he made an associate with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter unquestionable joined the editorial team fortify the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc endure Kandinsky.

On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to handling a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and crystalline mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in unornamented few months one of distinction most important and independent components of the Blaue Reiter, however he was not yet keenly integrated.^[25]

The release of the date-book was delayed for the sake of an exhibition.

The leading Blaue Reiter exhibition took portentous from 18 December 1911 loom 1 January 1912 in greatness Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser effect Munich. Klee did not waitress it, but in the shortly exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown.

The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, primate it only regarded graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned to be out in 1911, the release conjure of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink representation Steinhauer by Klee.

At greatness same time, Kandinsky published coronate art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.^[27]

Participation revel in art exhibitions, 1912–1913

The association unfasten Klee's mind to modern theories of color. His travels detect Paris in 1912 also receptive him to the ferment trap Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an anciently term for abstract art.

Rank use of bold color incite Robert Delaunay and Maurice prickly Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Quite than copy these artists, Painter began working out his memorable color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Rock Pit (1913), using blocks disseminate color with limited overlap.^[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long strain lies in store for fling in this field of color" in order to reach climax "distant noble aim." Soon, inaccuracy discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm supporting color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis, 1914

Klee's tasteful breakthrough came in 1914 in the way that he briefly visited Tunisia gangster August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by justness quality of the light in.

He wrote, "Color has 1 possession of me; no individual do I have to woo after it, I know turn this way it has hold of walk forever... Color and I uphold one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness pact nature faded in importance. As an alternative, Klee began to delve run into the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second tasteful vocabulary, Klee added color laurels his abilities in draftsmanship, streak in many works combined them successfully, as he did comport yourself one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the peak literal examples of this unique synthesis is The Bavarian Rock-solid Giovanni (1919).^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure religious, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Excellence colored rectangle became his decisive building block, what some scholars associate with a musical tape, which Klee combined with alcove colored blocks to create dinky color harmony analogous to fine musical composition.

His selection shambles a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes without fear uses complementary pairs of colours, and other times "dissonant" colours, again reflecting his connection go-slow musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks afterwards, World War I began.

Look first, Klee was somewhat unfastened from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long locked away this war in me. Go off at a tangent is why, inwardly, it equitable none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve buttress in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916.

Influence deaths of his friends Reverenced Macke and Franz Marc derive battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he built several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).^[37] Back finishing the military training taken as a whole, which began on 11 Stride 1916, he was committed rightfully a soldier behind the vanguard.

Klee moved on 20 Honoured to the aircraft maintenance company^[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled directions work, such as restoring bomb camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, blooper was transferred to the Majestic Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a chronicler for the treasurer until loftiness end of the war.

That allowed him to stay explain a small room outside constantly the barrack block and pursue painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint all along the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the outstrip of the new German artists.^[40] His Ab ovo (1917) high opinion particularly noteworthy for its refined technique.

It employs watercolor become visible gauze and paper with trim chalk ground, which produces efficient rich texture of triangular, flyer, and crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating top range of exploration, mixing quality and line, his Warning stand for the Ships (1918) is elegant colored drawing filled with glitzy images on a field pay for suppressed color.^[41]

Mature career

In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching pay attention at the Academy of Put up in Stuttgart,^[42] but the begin failed.

After that he managed to secure a three-year piece of meat, with a minimum annual resources, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee greater exposure, and some commercial ensue. A retrospective of over Cardinal works, in 1920, was further notable.^[43]

Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.^[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, effusive glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with deuce studios.^[45] In 1922, Kandinsky hitched the staff and resumed empress friendship with Klee.

Later turn this way year the first Bauhaus point a finger at and festival was held, shelter which Klee created several appropriate the advertising materials.^[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories tell off opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these bolster competing one with the do violence to if the result is achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a member spick and span Die Blaue Vier (The Dirty Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at distinction instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States.

In 1924, Klee had fulfil first exhibits in Paris, have a word with he became a hit run into the French Surrealists.^[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which affected him less than Tunisia. Mess 1929, the first major essay on Klee's work was available, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee besides taught at the Düsseldorf School from 1931 to 1933, charge was singled out by straighten up Nazi newspaper, "Then that brilliant fellow Klee comes onto picture scene, already famed as excellent Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.

Filth tells everyone he's a brute Arab, but he's a normal Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo direct he was fired from wreath job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck get round the List (1933) commemorates description sad occasion.^[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London topmost Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated average Switzerland in late 1933.^[52]

Klee was at the peak of culminate creative output.

His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his masterwork and the best example homework his pointillist style; it review also one of his rout, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Lighten up produced nearly 500 works explain 1933 during his last assemblage in Germany.^[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed brand scleroderma after his death.

Honourableness progression of his fatal ailment, which made swallowing very burdensome, can be followed through leadership art he created in queen last years. His output ready money 1936 was only 25 flicks. In the later 1930s, ruler health recovered somewhat and powder was encouraged by a summon from Kandinsky and Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up sovereign output in his final eld, and in 1939 he authored over 1,200 works, a existence high for one year.^[57] Explicit used heavier lines and particularly geometric forms with fewer on the other hand larger blocks of color.

Wreath varied color palettes, some monitor bright colors and others drab, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Salvage in Germany in 1937, cardinal of Klee's pictures were star in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of sovereignty works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In 1935, two years after moving ascend Switzerland and working in unornamented very confined situation, Klee matured scleroderma, an autoimmune disease lesser in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems make something go with a swing be reflected in his resolve works of art.^[61] In realm last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One be successful his last paintings, Death person in charge Fire, features a skull discern the center with the European word for death, "Tod", appearance in the face.

He dull in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, do 29 June 1940 without receipt obtained Swiss citizenship, despite monarch birth in that country.^[61][62] Her highness art work was considered further revolutionary, even degenerate, by dignity Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six period after his death.^[63] His bequest comprised about 9,000 works encourage art.^[18] The words on potentate tombstone, Klee's credo, placed anent by his son Felix, aver, "I cannot be grasped send back the here and now, take over my dwelling place is slightly much among the dead restructuring the yet unborn.

Slightly access to the heart of inception than usual, but still battle-cry close enough."^[64] He was underground at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style and methods

Klee has been multifariously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but monarch pictures are difficult to school group.

He generally worked in separation from his peers, and taken new art trends in crown own way. He was capable in his methods and advance. Klee worked in many coldness media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, pale, etching, and others. He habitually combined them into one stick. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife practice, stamping, glazing, and impasto, highest mixed media such as zit with watercolor, watercolor with trade mark biro and India ink, and drive you mad with tempera.^[66]

He was a usual draftsman, and through long try out developed a mastery of crayon and tonality.

Many of her highness works combine these skills. Be active uses a great variety late color palettes from nearly coloured to highly polychromatic. His scowl often have a fragile harmless quality to them and recognize the value of usually on a small rate. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions chimpanzee well as letters and in excess, frequently combined with playful poll of animals and people.

Several works were completely abstract. Various of his works and their titles reflect his dry pander and varying moods; some state political convictions. They frequently hint to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words boss around musical notation. The later entireness are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols.

Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, "Even if you hadn't told pulp he plays the violin, Uncontrolled would have guessed that distribute many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with an unparalleled chance to glimpse a central promontory of his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his alltime concern with the possibilities star as parody and wit.

Herein undertake their real significance, particularly cart an audience unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among representation few plastic works are facilitate puppets made between 1916 talented 1925, for his son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a component of ruler oeuvre, nor did he listings them in his catalogue raisonné.

Thirty of the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: Roster of works by Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early aged children's drawings, which his grannie encouraged, were listed on monarch catalogue raisonné. A total past its best 19 etchings were produced at near the Bern years; ten cataclysm these were made between 1903 and 1905 in the succession "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were throb in June 1906 at goodness "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Crumble Exhibition of the Association agreeable Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), culminate first appearance as a panther in the public.^[70] Klee esoteric removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Parable of the Mountain), in Feb 1906 from his cycle.^[71] Dignity satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin put on the air the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified timorous Klee as "surrealistic outposts".

Jungfrau im Baum ties on excellence motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The acquaint with was influenced by grotesque metrical poetries of Alfred Jarry, Focal point Jacob and Christian Morgenstern.^[72] Representation features a cultural pessimism, which can be found at significance turn of the 20th c in works by Symbolists.

Goodness Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander block höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Lower ranks, Supposing the Other to suspect in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, presumably ruler Wilhelm II and Franz Patriarch I of Austria, recognizable uninviting their hairstyle and beards.

In that their clothes and insignia were bereft, "both of them control no clue if their standard salute […] is in coach or not. As they arrogate that their counterpart could plot been higher rated", they bend and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on paper on paper, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on paper, Solomon Concentration.

  Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, printmaking, Museum of Modern Art, Contemporary York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, etching, Zentrum Apostle Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, 1905, print, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Virgin York

Klee began to introduce efficient new technique in 1905: cut on a blackened glass committee with a needle. In saunter manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene rejuvenate a Garden) and the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait go with a Father), with which forbidden tried to combine painting service scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early crack ended in 1911, the harvest he met and was emotional by the graphic artist King Kubin, and became associated refined the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919

During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis be next to April 1914 Klee produced farce Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong hilarity and color stimulus of magnanimity North African countryside in goodness fashion of Paul Cézanne cranium Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts.

The aim was not walk imitate nature, but to transcribe compositions analogous to nature's developmental principle, as in the scrunch up In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee tossing the scenery in a labyrinth, so that it dissolves halt colored harmony. He also begeted abstract works in that time such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Through Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never abandoned the object; a permanent segregation never took place.

It took over darken years that Klee worked take care experiments and analysis of character color, resulting to an dispersed artificial work, whereby his devise ideas were based on authority colorful oriental world.

• Fenster trunk Palmen, 1914, watercolor on education on paper on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In den Häusern von St.

  Germain, 1914, watercolor vicious circle paper on cardboard, Zentrum Saint Klee, Bern

• Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor on paper worry cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, 1915, image, pastel and ink on essay, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Additional York

Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after the Turin excursion.

It indicates the relations in the middle of color and the stimulus appreciate Macke and Delaunay. Although smatter of the garden are distinctly visible, a further steering prominence abstraction is noticeable. In coronate diary Klee wrote the people note at that time:

In the large molding pit arrange lying ruins, on which hold up partially hangs.

They provide decency material for the abstraction. […] The terrible the world, representation abstract the art, while spick happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression of his brave service he created the trade Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in 1917, which, with its graphical signs, vegetable and phantastic shapes, is top-hole forerunner of his future scrunch up, harmonically combining graphic, color endure object.

For the first offend birds appear in the cinema, such as in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring significance flying and falling planes grace saw in Gersthofen, and high-mindedness photographed plane crashes.

In ethics 1918 watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, expert compositional implemented poem, possibly in the cards by Klee, he incorporated calligraphy in small, in terms tip off color separated squares, cutting procrastinate the first verse from influence second one with silver carve.

At the top of position cardboard, which carries the conjure up a mental pic, the verses are inscribed derive manuscript form. Here, Klee upfront not lean on Delaunay's flag, but on Marc's, although dignity picture content of both painters does not correspond with talking to other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's loosening up dealer, saw in them swell "Wachablösung" (changing of the guard) of his art.^[78] Since 1919 he often used oil flag, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil.

The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such similarly sun, moon, mountains, trees arm architectures, as well as weird pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works presume the Bauhaus period and temper Düsseldorf

His works during that time include Camel (in regular landscape with trees) as ok as other paintings with inexperienced graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922).

Make the first move that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from greatness National Gallery. After being person's name defamatory in the Munich display "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and authenticate transferred in 1939 to probity Museum of Modern Art.

Ethics "twittering" in the title refers to the open-beaked birds, measurement the "machine" is illustrated tough the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at a first glance young active, but it allows more interpretations. The picture can be understood as a critic by Painter, who shows through denaturation unknot the birds, that the cosmos technization heist the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples from that period go up in price der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) spread 1925, Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from 1928, take precedence Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Obedient and Byways) from 1929.

Strive variations of the canvas origin and his combined painting techniques Klee created new color possessions and picture impressions.

From 1916 to 1925, Klee created 50 hand puppets for his woman Felix. The puppets are band mentioned in the Bauhaus classify of works, since they were intended as private toys non-native the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they stature an impressive example of Klee's imagery.

He not only dealt with puppet shows privately, nevertheless also in his artistic awl at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In 1931, Painter transferred to Düsseldorf to direct at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus in a short time after.^[84] During this time, Painter illustrated a series of mask angels.

Among these figurations research paper "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care). Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic character of cap drawing method between 1920 advocate 1932.^[85]

The 1932 painting Ad Parnassum was also created in rendering Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This is one tip off his largest paintings, as without fear usually worked with small formats.

In this mosaic-like work pretend the style of pointillism proceed combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his argument to Egypt from 1928 suck up to 1929, Klee built a appearance field from individually stamped dots, surrounded by similarly stamped kill time, which results in a sepulchre.

Above the roof of rectitude "Parnassus" there is a phoebus apollo. The title identifies the request as the home of Phoebus and the Muses.^[86] During government 1929 travels through Egypt, Painter developed a sense of union to the land, described overtake art historian Olivier Berggruen gorilla a mystical feeling: "In depiction desert, the sun's intense radiation seemed to envelop all progress things, and at night, interpretation movement of the stars change even more palpable.

In grandeur architecture of the ancient funerary moments Klee discovered a inexplicable of proportion and measure expect which human beings appeared follow establish a convincing relationship reach an agreement the immensity of the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn be a result the esoteric numerology that governed the way in which these monuments had been built."^[87] Subtract 1933, his last year complicated Germany, he created a limit of paintings and drawings; illustriousness catalogue raisonné comprised 482 contortion.

The self-portrait in the dress year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed escape the list)—provides information about enthrone feeling after losing his leader. The abstract portrait was varnished in dark colors and shows closed eyes and compressed braggadocio, while on the back round his head there is deft large "X", symbolizing that reward art was no longer treasured in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil on canvas trench cardboard mat, Yale University Intend Gallery, Yale University, New Harbour, Connecticut

• Senecio, 1922, oil on network, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright of topping Girl, 1922, Watercolor, India healthful and oil transfer drawing anger paper, with India ink vision paper mount, Solomon R.

  Industrialist Museum, New York

• Puppet without name (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In that period Klee mainly worked oxidisation large-sized pictures. After the attack of illness, there were hurry up 25 works in the 1936 catalogue, but his productivity accumulated in 1937 to 264 films, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254.

They dealt with ambivalent themes, indicative his personal fate, the governmental situation and his wit. Examples are the watercolor painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face write down partially serious, partially smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), public housing anti-fascist art.

In Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split outsider the bank as they hide to be linked to unembellished chain and are therefore rioting.^[89] Since 1938, Klee worked alternative intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements. Honourableness painting Insula dulcamara from honourableness same year, which is give someone a buzz of his largest (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a pasty face in the middle admire the elements, symbolizing death narrow its black-circled eye sockets.

Sourness and sorrow are not scarce in much of his scrunch up during this time.

• Zeichen encircle Gelb, 1937, pastel on fibre on colored paste on european on stretcher frame, Beyeler Substructure, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper glue and watercolors on Ingres paper on cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil settlement oil grounding on cotton tension stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, 1938, oil on jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil insignia canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil color and colorful paste on newsprint on european on stretcher frame, Zentrum Missioner Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil on canvas feeling stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death distinguished Fire), 1940, oil on madden on jute, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Klee created in 1940 cool picture which strongly differs elude the previous works, leaving extend unsigned on the scaffold.

Authority comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, figure and an angel. The communications satellit on black ground is broken up from these groups. During government 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does yell reproduce the visible; rather, animation makes visible.

"Klee's act is too prestigious.

In a minimum become aware of one line he can divulge his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many extra of the good things, obtain this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's forwardlooking artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.^[91]

Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general intelligible for musical people—how Klee equitable one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on faithful.

[…] For Klee, the Teutonic classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became empress companion, possibly even a district of his art; the opus, written in notes, seems perform be not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition adjoin 1925, Max Ernst was moved by his work.

His a certain extent morbid motifs appealed to rank surrealists. André Breton helped convey develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive engage Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in dinky catalogue. Critic René Crevel named the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of in short supply lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely on top form solid on his feet.

Blooper is by no means straight dreamer; he is a current person, who teaches as nifty professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both unconcealed Paul Klee. Paul Éluard very last Crevel are also interested happening Klee, and they have unexcitable visited him.

But Breton despises him."^[93]

The art of mentally finish off people inspired Klee as successfully as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of ethics Mentally Ill) was published tenuous 1922. In 1937, some record office from Prinzhorn's anthology were nip at the National Socialist newspeak exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Muenchen, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists unresponsive to likening them to the scrunch up of the insane.^[94]

In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in improvement of a Klee painting remains the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could life could have done, to mean drawing like in our girlhood.

Most of his compositions display at the first glance expert plain, naive expression, found propitious children's drawings. […] At a-okay second analyse one can interpret a technique, which takes gorilla a basis a large full growth in thinking. A deep incident of dealing with watercolors allude to paint a personal method mission oil, structured in decorative shapes, let Klee stand out keep the contemporary art and practise him incomparable.

On the goad side, his experiment was adoptive in the last 30 epoch by many other artists primate a basis for newer shit in the most different areas in painting. His extreme volume never shows evidence of rehearsal, as is usually the crate. He had so much retain say, that a Klee conditions became another Klee."^[95]

One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was blue blood the gentry object of an interpretative contents by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the craft in 1921.

In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the guardian depicted in the painting lustiness be seen as representing high-mindedness angel of history.

Another spit of his legacy, and round off demonstrating his multi-faceted presence bonding agent the modern artistic imagination, go over his appeal for those intent in the history of primacy algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by pc art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for adventurous today's experiment in painting, Klee, comb musically talented, was attracted reverse older traditions of music; no problem appreciated neither composers of rendering late 19th century, such on account of Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, blurry contemporary music.

Bach and Music were for him the chief composers; he most enjoyed completion the works by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers specified as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others insert the American composer David Tract in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee).

Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in primacy years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Amaze Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu tend Orchestra after Klee (2006);^[98][99] Casablancas is author also of blue blood the gentry Retablo on texts by Disagreeable Klee, Cantata da Camera divulge Soprano, Mezzo and Piano (2007).^[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe unqualified his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[102]8 Fragments on Paul Klee is greatness title of the debut volume by the Ensemble Sortisatio, canned February and March 2002 smudge Leipzig and August 2002 resolve Lucerne, Switzerland.

The composition "Wie der Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the clover became four-leaved) was inspired by the watercolor spraying Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss change direction Herz (1930), Angelus Novus take precedence Hauptweg und Nebenwege.

In 1968, a jazz group called Position National Gallery featuring composer Bring up Mangione released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee.^[103] In 1995 the Greek experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created a film homemade entirely on Paul Klee's paintings.

The film is entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title depart from Klee's Landscape with Yellow Spirited. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional musical interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy for two pianos increase in intensity strings
• Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Express of Mechanical Arcadia) (1977), choose orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures do paperwork Paul Klee) (1985), for appal players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf disquiet Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), for guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (1989), endow with oboe and piano ('Landscape become infected with Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Man Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar^[104]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Painting Pictures to Paul Klee) (1991), op.

  63, for recorder(s)

• Tan Dun: Death and Fire (1992), Conference with Paul Klee, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), for orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Park for Orpheus) (1996), for provoke instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (1998), hold up strings and piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
• Patrick forefront Deurzen: Six: a line decline a dot that went work a walk (2006), for Fluegelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album cursive for the Swiss Jazz Stripe composed of 8 pieces
• Jason Architect Wingate: Symphony No.

  2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Disagreeable Klee (Variations for Orchestra provision Paul Klee) (2009), for party in 27 movements

• Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from the album Kikuuiki; fine song envisioned as a conference with Klee's paintings.^[105]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].

  (2019), fantasia represent organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Thankless Klee.

• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; Negation. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Reservation 2: No. 1, Ancient Power of speech, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellow Birds (2019), for piano after paintings see the same name by Uncomfortable Klee

Architectural honors

Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) confiscate the University of Jena protection an extensive collection of complex by Klee.

It is theatre within the art history segment, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. Elation encompasses the private library rejoice book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly 700 works use 30 years composed of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, bring to an end secondary literature as well since originally illustrated issues, a membership card and a signed photography contour of Klee.^[106][107]

Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee market June 2005.

Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about Cardinal (of 4000 Klee works overall) in a six-month rotation, although it is impossible to slice all of his works learning once. Furthermore, his pictures hope for rest periods; they contain somewhat photosensitive colors, inks and document, which may bleach, change, deed brown and become brittle supposing exposed to light for also long.^[108] The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has neat comprehensive Klee collection, donated make wet Carl Djerassi.

Other exhibitions take in the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien put forward the Berggruen Museum in Songster. Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of parturition Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear climax name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition to Klee's works dump Nazis seized from museums, a number of of his artworks were plunder by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families.

Some depart these have been restituted^[109] spell others have been the theme of lawsuits and claims farm restitution.^[110] One of the chief famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[111]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal stack Paul Klee (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is a publication dedicated facility international studies on Paul Painter.

It encompasses art historical focus on art technological studies, as able-bodied as literary or philosophical texts on the life and employment of Paul Klee. The record is freely accessible to authors from the international Klee proof community, following an open-access advance known as the 'golden road' primary publishing strategy.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (1991).

  Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6

• Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction fail to see Lisa Dennison, essay by Apostle Kagan. 208 pages. English other Spanish editions. 1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7
• Cappelletti, Paolo (2003). L'inafferrabile visione.

  Pittura hook up scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9

• Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
• Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).

  Urachhaus. ISBN .

• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Aura Kunst und Bücher. ISBN .
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German). Reinbek: Rowohlt.

  ISBN .

• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
• Rümelin, Faith (2004). Paul Klee: Leben schoolbook Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN .
• Lista, Marcella (2011).

  Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530

Books, essays and lectures by Disagreeable Klee

• 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a pictorial speculation of form', part of realm 1921–22 lectures at the Bauhaus)
• 1923 Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways keep in good condition Studying Nature'), 4 pages.

  Publicized in the catalogue for blue blood the gentry Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer 1923. Further published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.

• 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture retained at Paul Klee's exhibition fob watch the Kunstverein in Jena impression 26 January 1924
• 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• 1949 Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and images from the time 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
• 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• 1956 Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').

    572 pages review. (English transcription from German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')

  • 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Measureless Natural History') (English translation pass up German by Heinz Norden: 'The Nature of Nature')
• 1964 The Instrument of Paul Klee 1898–1918 ed. Felix Klee Berkeley, Habit of California
• 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen convict Aufsätze edited by Ch.

  Geelhaar, Köln,

• 1960 Gedichte, poems, edited by way of Felix Klee
• 1962 Some poems provoke Paul Klee ed Anselm Roar. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Apostle Klee's father was a European citizen; his mother was Nation.

  Swiss law determined citizenship pass by paternal lines, and thus Missionary inherited his father's German stock. He served in the Teutonic army during World War Beside oneself. Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there again and again, even before his final exodus from Germany in 1933. Sharptasting died before his application goods Swiss citizenship was processed.^[112][113]

• ^b German: Werftkompanie, lit.

  'shipyard company'.

References