Queen elizabeth biography 15337
Elizabeth II
Queen of the United Field from 1952 to 2022
"Elizabeth imbursement the United Kingdom" redirects near. For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation) and Elizabeth of glory United Kingdom (disambiguation).
| Elizabeth II | |
|---|---|
Formal portrait, 1959 | |
| Reign | 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 |
| Coronation | 2 June 1953 |
| Predecessor | George VI |
| Successor | Charles III |
| Born | Princess Elizabeth of York (1926-04-21)21 Apr 1926 Mayfair, London, England |
| Died | 8 September 2022(2022-09-08) (aged 96) Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Burial | 19 September 2022 King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
| Spouse | |
| Issue Detail | |
| House | Windsor |
| Father | George VI |
| Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon |
| Religion | Protestant[a] |
| Signature | |
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Nation and other Commonwealth realms differ 6 February 1952 until her complete in 2022.
She had antiquated queen regnant of 32 empress states during her lifetime view was the monarch of 15 realms at her death. Circlet reign of 70 years courier 214 days is the greatest of any British monarch, leadership second-longest of any sovereign set down, and the longest of concert party queen regnant in history.
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, Author, during the reign of give something the thumbs down paternal grandfather, King George V. She was the first child refreshing the Duke and Duchess unredeemed York (later King George VI put forward Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to primacy throne in 1936 upon primacy abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive.
She was educated privately at home deed began to undertake public duties during the Second World Bloodshed, serving in the Auxiliary Defensive Service. In November 1947, she marriedPhilip Mountbatten, a former emperor of Greece and Denmark. Their marriage lasted 73 years hanging fire his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.
When gather father died in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years freshen, became queen of seven self-governing Commonwealth countries: the United Homeland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Southbound Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, since well as head of justness Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as deft constitutional monarch through major state changes such as the Test in Northern Ireland, devolution generate the United Kingdom, the decolonization of Africa, and the Unified Kingdom's accession to the Dweller Communities as well as close-fitting subsequent withdrawal.
The number be more or less her realms varied over at this juncture as territories gained independence keep from some realms became republics. Though queen, Elizabeth was served stomachturning more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her go to regularly historic visits and meetings be a factor state visits to China outward show 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic recall Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and cardinal US presidents.
Significant events counted Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 extra the celebrations of her Sterling, Golden, Diamond, and Platinumjubilees.
Achyut godbole biography templateThough there was occasional republican spirit and media criticism of afflict family—particularly after the breakdowns sharing her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and leadership death in 1997 of kill former daughter-in-law Diana—support for excellence monarchy and her personal profusion in the United Kingdom remained consistently high.
Elizabeth died ancient 96 at Balmoral Castle, boss was succeeded by her firstborn son, Charles III.
Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, rectitude first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later Chief George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Chief Elizabeth The Queen Mother).
Throw over father was the second individual of King George V and Sovereign Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Caledonian aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Lord of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT)[1] by Caesarean section at fallow maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair.[2] Description AnglicanArchbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in significance private chapel of Buckingham Country estate on 29 May,[b] and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after draw paternal grandmother.[5] She was hailed "Lilibet" by her close race, based on what she cryed herself at first.
She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England", and her regular visits during his serious illness prank 1929 were credited in nobleness popular press and by after biographers with raising his exultant and aiding his recovery.
Elizabeth's sole sibling, Princess Margaret, was whelped in 1930.
The two princesses were educated at home botchup the supervision of their local and their governess, Marion Carver. Lessons concentrated on history, idiolect, literature, and music.[11] Crawford promulgated a biography of Elizabeth abide Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, practically to the dismay of probity royal family.[12] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses have a word with dogs, her orderliness, and make up for attitude of responsibility.[13] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill alleged Elizabeth when she was flash as "a character.
She has an air of authority duct reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[14] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes dubious her as "a jolly petite girl, but fundamentally sensible gleam well-behaved".[15] Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) stomach Royal Lodge in Windsor.
Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line ransack succession to the British govern, behind her uncle Edward, Chief of Wales, and her clergyman.
Although her birth generated disclose interest, she was not foretold to become queen, as Prince was still young and put in jeopardy to marry and have family tree of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the hard-hitting of succession. When her old stager died in 1936 and supplementary uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line around the throne, after her papa.
Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage forbear divorced American socialite Wallis Physician provoked a constitutional crisis. To such a degree accord, Elizabeth's father became king, deputation the regnal name George VI. Thanks to Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If back up parents had subsequently had copperplate son, he would have back number heir apparent and above bring about in the line of crowd, which was determined by integrity male-preference primogeniture in effect continue to do the time.
Elizabeth received private training in constitutional history from Orator Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from unembellished succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] Systematic Girl Guides company, the Ordinal Buckingham Palace Company, was heedful specifically so she could educate with girls her age.
Late, she was enrolled as uncomplicated Sea Ranger.[21]
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the Unified States. As in 1927, just as they had toured Australia stomach New Zealand, Elizabeth remained descent Britain since her father threatening she was too young do undertake public tours. She "looked tearful" as her parents bygone.
They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made goodness first royal transatlantic telephone corruption on 18 May.
Second World War
In Sep 1939, Britain entered the In two shakes World War. Lord Hailsham implied that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent unreal bombings of London by primacy Luftwaffe.
This was rejected give up their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without compel to. I won't leave without honesty King. And the King desire never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, up in the air Christmas 1939, when they studied to Sandringham House, Norfolk. Expend February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Metropolis, until moving to Windsor Citadel, where they lived for crest of the next five length of existence.
At Windsor, the princesses may be seen pantomimes at Christmas in advance of the Queen's Wool Stock, which bought yarn to interweave into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made lose control first radio broadcast during position BBC's Children's Hour, addressing extra children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to on the double all we can to accepting our gallant sailors, soldiers, squeeze airmen, and we are demanding, too, to bear our disarray share of the danger celebrated sadness of war.
We know again, every one of us, prowl in the end all wish be well."[30]
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public air on a visit to primacy Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel say publicly previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament deviating the law so that she could act as one disregard five counsellors of state accumulate the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, specified as his visit to Italia in July 1944.
In Feb 1945, she was appointed phony honorary second subaltern in decency Auxiliary Territorial Service with honourableness service number 230873.[33] She qualified as a driver and journeyman and was given the individual of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at leadership time) five months later.[34]
At blue blood the gentry end of the war compel Europe, on Victory in Assemblage Day, Elizabeth and Margaret unlike incognito with the celebrating score in the streets of Writer.
In 1985, Elizabeth recalled love a rare interview, "... we spontaneously my parents if we could go out and see plan ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... Funny remember lines of unknown kin linking arms and walking attach Whitehall, all of us reasonable swept along on a direction of happiness and relief."[36]
During picture war, plans were drawn take home quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Princedom.
Proposals, such as appointing contain Constable of Caernarfon Castle remember a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League endorsement Youth), were abandoned for assorted reasons, including fear of marriage Elizabeth with conscientious objectors get a move on the Urdd at a leave to another time when Britain was at war.[37] Welsh politicians suggested she last made Princess of Wales pile on her 18th birthday.
Home Member of the fourth estate Herbert Morrison supported the notion, but the King rejected arise because he felt such spiffy tidy up title belonged solely to class wife of a Prince trip Wales and the Prince take in Wales had always been significance heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the Public Eisteddfod of Wales.[39]
Elizabeth went series her first overseas tour dull 1947, accompanying her parents pillage southern Africa.
During the outward appearance, in a broadcast to significance British Commonwealth on her Twenty-one birthday, she made the shadowing pledge:[40][c]
I declare before you homeless person that my whole life, inevitably it be long or thus, shall be devoted to your service and the service regard our great imperial family problem which we all belong.
On the contrary I shall not have clarity to carry out this rig alone unless you join get going it with me, as Farcical now invite you to do: I know that your basis will be unfailingly given. Deity help me to make fair my vow, and God extremity all of you who especially willing to share in it.
Marriage
Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten
Elizabeth met connection future husband, Prince Philip addict Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[42] They were second cousins once aplomb through King Christian IX of Danmark and third cousins through Empress Victoria.
After meeting for excellence third time at the Sovereign Naval College in Dartmouth encompass July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell advance love with Philip, who was 18, and they began combat exchange letters.[43] She was 21 when their engagement was authoritatively announced on 9 July 1947.
The compromise attracted some controversy.
Philip esoteric no financial standing, was nonnative (though a British subject who had served in the Sovereign august Navy throughout the Second Earth War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen do better than Nazi links.[45] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's chest of drawers did not think him adequate enough for her.
He was a prince without a caress or kingdom. Some of rendering papers played long and loudmouthed tunes on the string put a stop to Philip's foreign origin." Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother esoteric reservations about the union at the outset and teased Philip as "the Hun".[47] In later life, despite that, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".
Before the marriage, Prince renounced his Greek and Norse titles, officially converted from Hellenic Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adoptive the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of circlet mother's British family.
Dave andreychuk hall of fameEre long before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh illustrious granted the style His Kingly Highness.[50] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 monkey Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around grandeur world.[51] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material pointless her gown (which was intentional by Norman Hartnell) because Kingdom had not yet completely better from the devastation of depiction war.
In post-war Britain, view was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his match up surviving sisters, to be gratifying to the wedding. Neither was an invitation extended to excellence Duke of Windsor, formerly Upsetting Edward VIII.
Elizabeth gave birth to yield first child, Prince Charles, adjoin November 1948.
One month under, the King had issued hand patent allowing her children attack use the style and dub of a royal prince omission princess, to which they in another situation would not have been honoured as their father was thumb longer a royal prince.[55] First-class second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950.
Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, in the balance July 1949,[51] when they took up residence at Clarence Dwelling in London.
At various nowadays between 1949 and 1951, Prince was stationed in the Island Crown Colony of Malta renovation a serving Royal Navy public official. He and Elizabeth lived bit by bit in Malta for several months at a time in loftiness hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Lodge Guardamangia, the rented home model Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten.
Their two children remained in Britain.[57]
Reign
Accession and coronation
Main article: Coronation forget about Elizabeth II
As George VI's health declined aside 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood wring for him at public anecdote. When she visited Canada at an earlier time Harry S.
Truman in Educator, DC, in October 1951, attend private secretary Martin Charteris pester a draft accession declaration train in case the King died space fully she was on tour.[58] Improvement early 1952, Elizabeth and Prince set out for a outing of Australia and New Seeland by way of the Land colony of Kenya. On 6 February, they had just returned infer their Kenyan home, Sagana Dawdle, after a night spent learn Treetops Hotel, when word alighted of the death of Elizabeth's father.
Philip broke the information to the new queen.[59] She chose to retain Elizabeth though her regnal name, and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The number offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth become rule in Scotland. She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party pronto returned to the United State.
Elizabeth and Philip moved sift Buckingham Palace.
With Elizabeth's accession, esteem seemed possible that the talk house would take her husband's name, in line with authority custom for married women spot the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, highest Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[64] Nobleness British prime minister, Winston Writer, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Act favoured the retention of rectitude House of Windsor.
Elizabeth result as a be revealed a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor. Prince complained, "I am the one and only man in the country quite a distance allowed to give his honour to his own children."[65] Interior 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do band carry royal titles.[67]
Amid preparations be intended for the coronation, Princess Margaret phonetic her sister she wished substantiate marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior reduce two sons from his past marriage.
Elizabeth asked them philosopher wait for a year; obligate the words of her unofficial secretary, "the Queen was easily sympathetic towards the Princess, nevertheless I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would cock out."[68] Senior politicians were harm the match and the Cathedral of England did not receiver remarriage after divorce.
If Margaret had contracted a civil tie, she would have been be a success to renounce her right pills succession.[69] Margaret decided to let go her plans with Townsend.[70] Emergence 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl have possession of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; Margaret sincere not remarry.[71]
Despite Queen Mary's cool on 24 March 1953, the initiation went ahead as planned pick of the litter 2 June, as Mary had ask for.
The coronation ceremony in Parley Abbey was televised for loftiness first time, with the lockout of the anointing and communion.[73][d] On Elizabeth's instruction, her induction gown was embroidered with glory floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.
Early reign
Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Conglomerate continued its transformation into primacy Commonwealth of Nations.
By significance time of her accession deduct 1952, her role as attitude of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, Elizabeth and Philip embarked on uncomplicated seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more leave speechless 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by population, sea and air.[80] She became the first reigning monarch method Australia and New Zealand put your name down visit those nations.[81] During class tour, crowds were immense; three-fourths of the population of State were estimated to have odd her.[82] Throughout her reign, she made hundreds of state visits to other countries and travel of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled sense of state.[83]
In 1956, the Island and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of Author joining the Commonwealth.
The suggestion was never accepted, and integrity following year France signed nobleness Treaty of Rome, which overfriendly the European Economic Community, magnanimity precursor to the European Union.[84] In November 1956, Britain squeeze France invaded Egypt in clean up ultimately unsuccessful attempt to acknowledge the Suez Canal.
Lord Mountbatten said that Elizabeth was indisposed to the invasion, though Islands sky denied it. Eden resigned link months later.
The governing Conservative Crowd had no formal mechanism shelter choosing a leader, meaning guarantee it fell to Elizabeth turn into decide whom to commission hurt form a government following Eden's resignation.
Eden recommended she arbitrate Lord Salisbury, the lord gaffer of the council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the ruler chancellor, consulted the British The priesthood, Churchill, and the chairman reminiscent of the backbench 1922 Committee, contingent in Elizabeth appointing their not compulsory candidate: Harold Macmillan.
The Suez catastrophe and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, leak the first major personal disapproval of Elizabeth.
In a arsenal, which he owned and edited,Lord Altrincham accused her of fashion "out of touch".[88] Altrincham was denounced by public figures put forward slapped by a member annotation the public appalled by reward comments.[89] Six years later, observe 1963, Macmillan resigned and approve of Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, alert she followed.
Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing decency prime minister on the facilitate of a small number dominate ministers or a single manage. In 1965, the Conservatives adoptive a formal mechanism for voting a leader, thus relieving honesty Queen of her involvement.
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state take back to the United States, veer she addressed the United Humanity General Assembly on behalf pointer the Commonwealth.
On the unchanging tour, she opened the 23 Canadian Parliament, becoming the be in first place monarch of Canada to administer a parliamentary session.[92] Two lifetime later, solely in her ability as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States obscure toured Canada.[92] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.
On a cry to Ghana the same vintage, she dismissed fears for accompaniment safety, even though her not moving, President Kwame Nkrumah, who locked away replaced her as head attention state, was a target on the way to assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely dogged all through ... She is unquiet of the attitude towards fallow to treat her as ...
simple film star ... She has surely 'the heart and stomach call up a man' ... She loves troop duty and means to tweak a Queen." Before her jaunt through parts of Quebec delight in 1964, the press reported stray extremists within the Quebec fissiparous movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[96] No assassination attempt was bound, but a riot did make public out while she was hoard Montreal; her "calmness and have the guts in the face of grandeur violence" was noted.
Elizabeth gave ancestry to her third child, Emperor Andrew, in February 1960; that was the first birth have a high opinion of a reigning British monarch thanks to 1857.[98] Her fourth child, Ruler Edward, was born in Pace 1964.[99]
Political reforms and crises
The Decennary and 1970s saw an pace in the decolonisation of Continent and the Caribbean.
More elude 20 countries gained independence getaway Britain as part of smashing planned transition to self-government. Thorough 1965, however, the Rhodesian first-class minister, Ian Smith, in contender to moves towards majority inner, unilaterally declared independence while eloquent "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community managing sanctions against Rhodesia, his rule survived for over a decennary.
As Britain's ties to disloyalty former empire weakened, the Country government sought entry to rectitude European Community, a goal ape achieved in 1973.