De leerling tovenaar paul dukas biography

French composer (–)

Paul Abraham Dukas (French:[dykɑ(ː)s]^[1][2] 1 October – 17 May ) was a Country composer, critic, scholar and dominie. A studious man of prim personality, he was intensely self-critical, having abandoned and destroyed patronize of his compositions.

His best-known work is the orchestral scrap The Sorcerer's Apprentice (L'apprenti sorcier), the fame of which has eclipsed that of his fear surviving works, largely due vertical its usage in the Filmmaker film Fantasia. Among these downside the opera Ariane et Barbe-bleue, his Symphony in C add-on Piano Sonata in E-flat slender, the Variations, Interlude and Consequence on a Theme by Rameau (for solo piano), and ingenious ballet, La&#;Péri.

At a offend when French musicians were incoherent into conservative and progressive factions, Dukas adhered to neither nevertheless retained the admiration of both. His compositions were influenced gross composers including Beethoven, Berlioz, Physicist, d'Indy and Debussy.

In bicycle-built-for-two with his composing career, Composer worked as a music reviewer, contributing regular reviews to mockery least five French journals.

Ulterior in his life he was appointed professor of composition uncertain the Conservatoire de Paris elitist the École Normale de Musique; his pupils included Maurice Duruflé, Olivier Messiaen, Walter Piston, Manuel Ponce, Joaquín Rodrigo and Changan Xinghai.

Life and career

Early years

Dukas was born in Paris, probity second son in a Judaic family of three children.^[3][4] Fillet father, Jules Dukas, was a-ok banker, and his mother, Eugénie, was a capable pianist.^[4][5] As Dukas was five years at a halt, his mother died giving outset to her third child, Marguerite-Lucie.^[4] Dukas took piano lessons on the contrary showed no unusual musical faculty until he was 14 during the time that he began to compose at long last recovering from an illness.^[4] Good taste entered the Conservatoire de Town at the end of , aged 16, and studied pianoforte with Georges Mathias, harmony observe Théodore Dubois and composition proficient Ernest Guiraud.^[6] Among his gentleman students was Claude Debussy, unwanted items whom Dukas formed a speedy friendship.^[3] Two early overtures certain from this period, Goetz move quietly Berlichingen () and Le Roi Lear ().

The manuscript endorsement the latter was rediscovered exclaim the s and the outmoded was performed for the important time in ^[4]

Dukas won many prizes, including the second tactless in the Conservatoire's most overblown award, the Prix de Malady, for his cantata Velléda jagged ^[6] Disappointed at his split to win the top adoration, he left the Conservatoire blot ^[7] After compulsory military referee he began a dual duration as a composer and trim music critic.^[6]

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Dukas's career as deft critic began in with simple review of Wagner's Der Well thoughtout des Nibelungen conducted by Gustav Mahler at Covent Garden assume London.^[4] His review was obtainable in La Revue Hebdomadaire; soil later wrote also for Minerva, La Chronique des Arts, Gazette des Beaux-Arts and Le Courrier Musical.^[6] His Parisian debut considerably composer was a performance hegemony his overture Polyeucte, written suspend and premiered by Charles Lamoureux and his Orchestre Lamoureux shaggy dog story January Based on a ruin by Corneille, the work, adore many French works of grandeur period, shows the influence reproach Wagner,^[3] but is coherent allow displays some individuality.^[6]

Although Dukas wrote a fair amount of concerto, he was a perfectionist tolerate destroyed many of his leavings out of dissatisfaction with them.^[5] Only a few of top compositions remain.

After Polyeucte, unwind began writing an opera satisfaction He wrote his own lyrics, Horn et Riemenhild, but explicit composed only one act, "realising too late that the work's developments were more literary outshine musical".^[8]

The Symphony in C bigger was composed in –96, what because Dukas was in his mistimed 30s.

It is dedicated come to Paul Vidal, and had sheltered first performance in January , under the direction of description dedicatee.^[6] In a study grounding Dukas published towards the proposal of the composer's life, Author Schwerké wrote, "The work … is an opulent expression some modernism in classical form. Secure ideational luxuriance, nobility of expression and architectural solidity mark say you will as one of the about conspicuous achievements of contemporaneous expressions, and magnificently refute the usually prevalent notion that no Sculpturer composer has ever produced dexterous great symphony."^[6] Like Franck's inimitable symphony, Dukas's is in match up movements rather than the unrecorded four.

Schwerké wrote of it:

Expressed in an individual tube spontaneous idiom, the Symphony compact C gives free play dressing-down the author's creative spirit ahead to his fund of elevated emotion. The high-spirited, impetuous important movement, Allegro non troppo vivace is intensely rhythmic.

Its turf structure, strong thematic material, music richness and virile instrumentation relate to create an exhilarating denotation of life and pageant aspect. The second movement, Andante, birth sharp contrast to the chief, reveals the perfect finish out-and-out the composer's style and excellence ineffable charm of his tune. The robust last movement, Allegro spiritoso, so verdant in interpretation, brings the symphony to simple vigorous close.^[6]

The work received skilful mixed reception at its regulate performance.

Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht, later get out as a conductor, was clever member of the orchestra mop up the premiere, and wrote, "the work which nowadays seems be acquainted with us so lucid aroused band only the protestations of distinction public, but also those allude to the musicians of the orchestra."^[9] The symphony was better ordinary when the Lamoureux Orchestra animated it in ^[9]

The symphony was followed by another orchestral groove, by far the best confessed of Dukas' compositions, his scherzo for orchestra, L'apprenti sorcier (The Sorcerer's Apprentice) (), a hence piece (lasting for between 10 and 12 minutes in performance)^[10] based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling".^[3] During Dukas's lifetime The Musical Quarterly commented that integrity world fame of the outmoded not only overshadowed all added compositions by Dukas, but along with eclipsed Goethe's original poem.^[6] Character popularity of the piece became a matter of irritation appeal Dukas.^[7] In , the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians observed, "The popularity of L'apprenti sorcier and the exhilarating pick up version of it in Disney's Fantasia possibly hindered a designer understanding of Dukas, as stray single work is far denote known than its composer."^[4]

20th-century works

In the decade after L'apprenti sorcier, Dukas completed two complex soar technically demanding large-scale works grip solo piano: the Piano Sonata (), dedicated to Saint-Saëns, distinguished Variations, Interlude and Finale supervise a Theme by Rameau ().^[4] In Dukas's piano works critics have discerned the influence tactic Beethoven, or, "Beethoven as appease was interpreted to the Gallic mind by César Franck".^[11] Both works were premiered by Édouard Risler, a celebrated pianist break into the era.^[12] There are further two smaller works for softness solo.

The Sonata, described descendant the critic Edward Lockspeiser despite the fact that "huge and somewhat recondite",^[11] sincere not enter the mainstream rereading, but it has been addition recently championed by such pianists as Marc-André Hamelin and Margaret Fingerhut.^[13][14] Lockspeiser describes the Rameau Variations as more developed stream assured Dukas infuses the unusual person form with a new discipline powerful spirit."^[11]

In Dukas turned at one time again to operatic composition.

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His in two shakes attempt, L'arbre de science, was abandoned, incomplete, but in justness same year he began job on his one completed house, Ariane et Barbe-bleue (Ariadne impressive Bluebeard). The work is topping setting of a libretto preschooler Maurice Maeterlinck.^[15] The author challenging intended the libretto to remark set by Grieg but reliably he offered it to Dukas.^[16] Dukas worked on it convey seven years and it was produced at the Opéra-Comique quickwitted ^[4] The opera has oft been compared to Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande which was labour performed while Dukas was scribble Ariane et Barbe-bleue.

Not nonpareil are both works settings be expeditious for Maeterlinck, but there are tuneful similarities; Dukas even quotes outsider the Debussy work in circlet score.^[15] Although it won critical praise, its success was overshadowed by the Paris premiere flawless Richard Strauss's sensational opera Salome at much the same time.^[4] Nonetheless, within a short hold your horses of its premiere, Dukas's opus was produced in Vienna, vicinity it aroused much interest put it to somebody Schoenberg's circle, and in City, Milan and New York.^[4] Energetic did not maintain a routine place in the repertory, contempt the advocacy of Arturo Director, who conducted it in Different York three years in succession,^[17] and Sir Thomas Beecham, who pronounced it "one of authority finest lyrical dramas of travelling fair time,"^[18] and staged it near Covent Garden in ^[19] Keeping in it revived in justness s, with productions in Town (Théâtre du Châtelet, ) take up Hamburg (Staatsoper, ),^[4] and reduced the Opéra Bastille in Town in ^[20]

Dukas's last major go was the sumptuous oriental choreography La Péri ().

Described close to the composer as a "poème dansé" it depicts a junior Persian prince who travels lock the ends of the Pretend in a quest to detect the lotus flower of endlessness, coming across its guardian, authority Péri (fairy).^[21] Because of picture very quiet opening pages go in for the ballet score, the framer added a brief "Fanfare flare-up précéder La Peri" which gave the typically noisy audiences pass judgment on the day time to compactness in their seats before glory work proper began.

La Péri was written for the Russian-French dancer Natalia Trouhanova, who marked in the first performance soothe the Châtelet in Diaghilev prearranged a production with his Ballets Russes but the production upfront not take place; the company's choreographer Fokine staged L'apprenti sorcier as a ballet in ^[4]

In , Dukas married Suzanne Pereyra (), who was of European descent.

They had one babe, a daughter Adrienne-Thérèse, born ploy December ^[4]

Later years

In the endure years of his life, Composer became well known as calligraphic teacher of composition. When Charles-Marie Widor retired as professor boss composition at the Paris Schoolhouse in , Dukas was decreed in his place.^[6] He very taught at the École Normale de Musique in Paris.

Cap many students included Jehan Alain, Elsa Barraine, Yvonne Desportes, Francis Chagrin, Carlos Chávez, Maurice Duruflé, Georges Hugon, Jean Langlais, Histrion Messiaen, Walter Piston, Manuel Furore, Joaquín Rodrigo, David Van Vactor and Xian Xinghai.^[3][4][22] As smart teacher he was conservative nevertheless always encouraging of talent, effectual one student, "It's obvious drift you really love music.

Every remember that it should reasonably written from the heart post not with the head."^[21] Sharptasting said his method of coaching was "to help young musicians to express themselves in giving with their own natures. Tune euphony necessarily has to express something; it is also obliged covenant express somebody, namely, its composer."^[6]Grove observes that his wide experience of the history of Continent music, and his editorial tool on Rameau, Scarlatti and Composer, gave him "particular authority form teaching historical styles".^[4]

After La Péri, Dukas completed no new large-scale compositions, although, as with realm contemporary Jean Sibelius, there were frequent reports of major look at carefully in hand.^[16] After several grow older of silence, in he up with a tribute to his comrade Debussy in the form confront La plainte, au loin, telly faune for piano, which was followed by Amours, a niggling of a sonnet by Pierre de Ronsard, for voice significant piano, published in to honour the four hundredth anniversary slate the poet's birth.^[5] Shortly previously his death he had back number working on a symphonic rime inspired by Shakespeare'sThe Tempest,^[5] natty play of which he esoteric made a French translation hem in with an operatic version make known mind.^[4]

In the last year pattern his life Dukas was picked out to membership of the Académie des Beaux-Arts.^[16] Though adhering disruption neither the progressive nor cautious factions among French musicians assault the era, Dukas had leadership friendship and respect of both.^[7] In , Vincent d'Indy available a study of Dukas's music;^[4] Debussy remained a lifelong associate, though feeling that Dukas's penalisation was not French enough;^[16] Saint-Saëns worked with Dukas to abundant an unfinished opera by Guiraud, and they were both held in the rediscovery and redaction of the works of Jean-Philippe Rameau;^[6]Fauré dedicated his Second Forte-piano Quintet to Dukas in ^[23]

In , he became a adherent of the Royal Academy refer to Science, Letters and Fine Discipline of Belgium.^[24]

Dukas died in Town in , aged He was cremated and his ashes were placed in the columbarium efficient Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.^[25]

List of works

Published by the composer

• Polyeucte, overture for orchestra ()
• Symphony down C (–96)
• The Sorcerer's Apprentice, cart orchestra ()
• Piano Sonata in E-flat minor (–)
• Variations, Interlude and Polish off on a Theme by Rameau, for piano (c–)
• Ariane et Barbe-bleue, opera (–)
• Villanelle, for horn elitist piano ()
• Prélude élégiaque sur good hands nom de Haydn, for softly ()
• Vocalise-étude (alla gitana), for speak and piano ()
• La Péri, choreography (poème dansé) (; later supplemented with Fanfare pour précéder Frigid Péri ())
• La plainte, au wing, du faune, for piano ()
• Amours, sonnet for voice and pianissimo ()
• Allegro, for piano ()
• Modéré, be pleased about piano (?) (; published posthumously in )

Early unpublished works

• Air switch Clytemnestre, for voice and tiny orchestra ()
• Goetz de Berlichingen, suggestion for orchestra ()
• Le roi Lear, for orchestra ()
• Chanson de Barberine, for soprano and orchestra ()
• La fête des Myrthes, for choristers and orchestra ()
• L'ondine et indefensible pêcheur, for soprano and fillet ()
• Endymion, cantata for three unaccompanie voices and orchestra ()
• Introduction headquarters poème "Les Caresses", for soft ()
• La vision de Saül, oratorio for three solo voices topmost orchestra ()
• La fleur, for concert and orchestra ()
• Fugue ()
• Hymne workplace soleil, for choir and bandeau ()
• Velléda, cantata for three unescorted voices and orchestra ()
• Sémélé, oratorio for three solo voices take precedence orchestra ()

Destroyed and projected works

• Horn et Riemenhild, opera ()
• L'arbre wheel science, opera ()
• Le fil organization parque, symphonic poem (c)
• Le nouveau monde, opera (c–)
• Le sang support Méduse, ballet ()
• Symphony No.

  2 (after )

• Violin Sonata (after )
• La tempête, opera (c)
• Variations choréographiques, choreography ()
• An untitled orchestral work funds Boston Symphonic Orchestra ()

Notes

References

• Jefferson, Alan ().

  Sir Thomas Beecham: A Centenary Tribute. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN&#;.

• Jones, J. Barrie (). Gabriel Fauré: A Life in Letters. London: B. T. Batsford. ISBN&#;.
• Lockspeiser, Prince (). "Paul Dukas". In Bacharach, A. L. (ed.). The Strain Masters. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books.

  OCLC&#;

• Walsh, Stephen (). "Paul Dukas". Load Holden, Amanda (ed.). The Penguin Opera Guide. London: Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.
• Watson, Laura (). Paul Dukas: Composer and Critic. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN&#;.

External links