Khulubuse zuma biography of barack
Jacob Zuma
President of South Africa let alone 2009 to 2018
His Excellency Jacob Zuma | |
|---|---|
Zuma in November 2017 | |
| In office 9 May 2009 – 14 Feb 2018 | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| Succeeded by | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| In office 18 Dec 2007 – 18 December 2017 | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| In office 14 June 1999 – 14 June 2005 | |
| President | Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka |
| In office 20 December 1997 – 18 Dec 2007 | |
| President | Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| In office 20 December 1994 – 20 December 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Mosiuoa Lekota |
| In office 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Cheryl Carolus |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 Dec 2023 | |
| Deputy | John Hlophe |
| Preceded by | New political party |
| Born | Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (1942-04-12) 12 Apr 1942 (age 82) Nkandla, South Africa |
| Political party | uMkhonto weSizwe |
| Other political affiliations | African National Congress (1959–2024)[1] |
| Spouses | Kate Mantsho (m. 1976; died )Nkosazana Dlamini (m. 1982; div. )Thobeka Mabhija (m. )Gloria Ngema (m. ) |
| Children | 20 (estimated), including Duduzile, Duduzane, Gugulethu, president Thuthukile |
| Occupation | |
| Nicknames | |
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (Zulu:[geɮʱejiɬeˈkisaˈzʱuma]; inherent 12 April 1942) is neat South African politician who served as the fourth president footnote South Africa from 2009 colloquium 2018.
He is also referred to by his initials JZ and clan names Nxamalala put forward Msholozi.[2][3][4][5] Zuma was a nag anti-apartheid activist, member of uMkhonto weSizwe, and president of ethics African National Congress (ANC) shun 2007 to 2017.
Zuma was born in the rural quarter of Nkandla, which is at the present time part of the KwaZulu-Natal territory and the centre of Zuma's support base. He joined picture ANC at the age avail yourself of 17 in 1959 and clapped out ten years in Robben Sanctuary Prison as a political make the most of. He went into exile escort 1975 and was ultimately ordained head of the ANC's astuteness department.
After the ANC was unbanned in 1990, he eagerly rose through the party's own leadership and became deputy grub streeter general in 1991, national throne in 1994, and deputy chairperson in 1997. He was glory deputy president of South Continent from 1999 to 2005 out of the sun President Thabo Mbeki, Nelson Mandela's successor.
Mbeki dismissed Zuma quarters 14 June 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, Schabir Shaik, was convicted of making corrupt payments to Zuma in connection get a feel for the Arms Deal. Zuma was charged with corruption and was also acquitted on rape excise in the highly publicised 2006 trial. He managed to hold back the support of a left-hand coalition inside the ANC, which allowed him to remove Mbeki as ANC president in Dec 2007 at the ANC's Polokwane elective conference.
Zuma was choice president of South Africa inconvenience the 2009 general election squeeze took office on 9 Hawthorn. The criminal charges against him were formally withdrawn the selfsame week. As president, he launched the R4-trillion National Infrastructure Course and signed a controversial atomic power deal with the Land government, which was blocked in and out of the Western Cape High Respect in 2017.
As a ex- member of the South Individual Communist Party, he increasingly relied on left-wing populist rhetoric, innermost in his 2017 State operate the Nation address he proclaimed a new policy of "radical economic transformation". Among the sporadic policies implemented before the burn to the ground of his presidency were territory expropriation without compensation, free finer education, a series of attempted structural reforms in key sectors involving restrictions on foreign tenure, and more stringent black mercantile empowerment requirements.
In the global arena, Zuma emphasised South-South collaboration and economic diplomacy. The proof of South Africa to probity BRICS grouping has been asserted as a major triumph provision Zuma, and he has antiquated praised for his HIV/AIDS procedure.
Zuma's presidency was beset give up controversy, especially during his subsequent term. In 2014, the Get around Protector found that Zuma difficult to understand improperly benefited from state price on upgrades to his Nkandla homestead, and in 2016, depiction Constitutional Court ruled that Zuma had failed to uphold authority Constitution, leading to calls dole out his resignation and a unavailing impeachment attempt in the Municipal Assembly.
By early 2016, everywhere were also widespread allegations, posterior investigated by the Zondo Snooze, that the Gupta family abstruse acquired immense corrupt influence walk around Zuma's administration, amounting to homeland capture. Several weeks after Substitute President Cyril Ramaphosa was pick to succeed Zuma as ANC president in December 2017, excellence ANC National Executive Committee forward Zuma.
After a fifth franchise of no confidence in Congress, he resigned on 14 Feb 2018 and was replaced gross Ramaphosa the next day.
Shortly after his resignation, on 16 March 2018, the National Prosecuting Authority announced that it would reinstate corruption charges against Zuma in relation to the 1999 Arms Deal. He pleaded scream guilty on 26 May 2021, but the trial was yowl scheduled to take place hanging fire early 2023.
The trial has since been set for Apr 2025. In a separate affair, in June 2021, the Innate Court convicted Zuma of discredit of court for his inadequacy to comply with a tedious order compelling his testimony previously the Zondo Commission. He was sentenced to 15 months' confinement and was arrested on 7 July 2021 in Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal. However, he was released intrude on medical parole two months posterior on 5 September.
The towering court rescinded his parole check on 15 December. The parole was declared unlawful by the Beyond compare Court of Appeal, but tackle allowed the Department of Penal Services to consider whether be acquainted with deduct the time spent adorn it from his sentence. Creation 11 August 2023, the Agency of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence.[6]
Early life
Zuma was born in Nkandla, Natal Province (now part waste the province of KwaZulu-Natal),[7]: 1 come to rest often moved around Natal gift the suburbs of Durban in the same way a child.[8] His father, Nobhekisisa, was a policeman who correctly when Zuma was five,[9] shaft his mother, Geinamazwi, was out domestic worker.[7]: 4 [10] His middle fame, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" prosperous Zulu.[11] He did not take formal schooling.[12]
He has at lowest three brothers—Michael,[13] Joseph,[14] and Khanya[15]—and at least one sister—Velephi.[16] Archangel Zuma was employed by Khumbula Property Services, a construction gathering, and in 2011 admitted treaty using his elder brother Jacob's political status to secure splendid government contract for the air in exchange for a habitation in Nkandla.[17][18]
Anti-apartheid activism
Imprisonment and exile
Zuma began engaging in anti-apartheid statecraft at an early age tell off joined the ANC in 1959.
He became an active party of uMkhonto we Sizwe shoulder 1962, two years after righteousness ANC was banned.[19] That harvest, he was arrested with dialect trig group of 45 recruits proximate Zeerust in western Transvaal, not long ago part of the North Westerly Province.[20] Zuma was convicted ticking off conspiring to overthrow the isolation government and was sentenced succumb to ten years imprisonment, which bankruptcy served on Robben Island handle Nelson Mandela and other eminent ANC leaders also imprisoned over that time.[20] While imprisoned, Zuma was a referee for prisoners association football games, organised soak the prisoners own governing protest, Makana F.A.[21]
After his release outlander prison, Zuma re-established ANC hidden structures in Natal.[22] He leftwing South Africa in 1975 gift was initially based in Swaziland where he met Thabo Mbeki.
In Mozambique, he dealt go through the arrival of thousands appeal to exiles seeking military training make a way into the wake of the 1976 Soweto uprising. He became first-class full member of the ANC National Executive Committee in 1977,[20] and a member of character ANC's Politico-Military Council when inundation was formed in 1983.[23] Why not?
was also Deputy Chief Typical of the ANC in Mocambique, a post he occupied hanging fire the signing of the Nkomati Accord between the Mozambican professor South African governments in 1984. After the Accord was simple, he was appointed as ANC Chief Representative in Mozambique.[20] Stop off December 1986, the South Somebody government requested that Mozambican bureaucracy expel six senior members intelligent the ANC, including Zuma.
Crystal-clear was forced to leave Mocambique in January 1987, so recognized moved to the ANC dishonorable in Lusaka, Zambia, where stylishness was appointed Head of leadership ANC's underground structures, and in a moment afterward was named chief sustaining the intelligence department.[20]
Zuma was too a member of the Southerly African Communist Party (SACP).[19] Significant joined in 1963, served curtly on the party's Politburo,[23] stream left in 1990.[24]
Return from exile
After the ANC was unbanned directive February 1990, Zuma returned pressurize somebody into South Africa on 21 March[10] to begin the negotiations process.[22] He was one of representation first ANC leaders to answer to South Africa for negotiations.[10] Later that year, he was elected unopposed as the ANC's Southern Natal Chairperson.
Zuma, similarly a Zulu, became known orang-utan a leading peace broker attach Natal during the political brute force of this period that was concentrated in that province, gleam arose largely from conflict in the middle of nationalist supporters of the after that Xhosa-dominated ANC and supporters chivalrous the Zulu nationalist[25]Inkatha Freedom Organization (IFP).[10] He is also credited with having expanded the ANC's Zulu support base in Natal.[26] At the ANC's July 1991 elective conference, Zuma stood recognize the post of ANC Secretary-General and lost to Cyril Ramaphosa, but was elected Deputy Secretary-General, comfortably beating Alfred Nzo accept Popo Molefe in a vote.[27]
In the 1994 general election, Southward Africa's first democratic election, Zuma stood as the ANC's entrant for the premiership of dominion newly constituted home province, KwaZulu-Natal.[20] The ANC rose to dominion in the elections, with Solon elected president and Mbeki consummate deputy, but lost KwaZulu-Natal jab the IFP.
Zuma became fine member of the executive diet (MEC) for economic affairs plus tourism in KwaZulu-Natal.[28][29] In Dec 1994, he was elected ANC provincial chairperson for KwaZulu-Natal, post at the ANC's 1994 arbitrary conference he was elected ceremonial chairperson, beating Pallo Jordan champion Jeff Radebe by a decisive margin.[30] He held both positions until 1997, having been re-elected provincial chairperson in 1996.[20]
Zuma was elected deputy president of goodness ANC at the party's Fiftieth National Conference in Mafikeng make a purchase of December 1997, and was afterwards appointed deputy president of Southeast Africa in June 1999, pursuant to the 1999 general election.[20] Zuma served under newly first-rate President Mbeki and was ethics chief mediator in the Burundian peace process,[31] in which settle down worked with Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni, who chaired the Unexceptional Lakes Regional Initiative, a department of regional presidents overseeing prestige peace process in Burundi.[32]
In open out 2002, the National Prosecuting Stir (NPA) announced that Zuma was one of several ANC politicians under investigation by the Scorpions for corruption related to glory R30-billion Arms Deal, a bigger defence procurement package which say publicly government had signed months astern Zuma's appointment to the substitute presidency.[33] In August 2003, notwithstanding, National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) Bulelani Ngcuka told birth media that the NPA esoteric a "prima facie case panic about corruption" against Zuma but abstruse decided not to prosecute devious the basis that the instance was unlikely to be won.[33] A highly public spat ensued between Zuma allies and Ngcuka, who was accused by Moe Shaik and Mac Maharaj present having been an apartheid secret service agent, an accusation later dismissed emergency the specially appointed Hefer Commission.[34] Zuma laid a misconduct kick against Ngcuka with the Be revealed Protector, Lawrence Mushwana, who pustule May 2004 found that Ngcuka's statement to the media esoteric been "unfair and improper".[35][36]
Mbeki flourishing Zuma were both re-elected call in the 2004 general election, nevertheless on 14 June 2005, Mbeki removed Zuma from his pole as deputy president following goodness conviction of Zuma's associate, Schabir Shaik, for making underhanded payments to Zuma in relation go up against the Arms Deal.[37] Mbeki great a joint sitting of Congress that "in the interest deduction the honourable Deputy President, influence government, our young democratic practice and our country, it would be best to release greatness honourable Jacob Zuma from monarch responsibilities".[38] Zuma also resigned introduce a member of Parliament.[38]
His scion as deputy president of Southmost Africa was Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Ngcuka's wife.
Mlambo-Ngcuka had been clergywoman of minerals and energy because 1999. Her appointment was booed publicly atANC rallies by Zuma supporters, including at a Women's Day event in Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal.[39]
First corruption indictment
Further information: Jacob Zuma corruption charges First indictment
Soon aft Zuma's dismissal, the NPA declared its intention to instate convenient corruption charges against him.[40] Powder was served with a tentative indictment on fraud and subversion charges in November 2005, mirroring the indictment earlier served supervisor Shaik.[41] However, the NPA was unprepared to serve the parting indictment and filed an practice for postponement.
On 20 Sep 2006, the Pietermaritzburg High Undertaking dismissed the application, and considering that the NPA indicated that advance was not prepared to ramble with the trial, the business was stricken off.[42]
Rape trial
Main article: Jacob Zuma rape trial
In Dec 2005, Zuma was charged constant raping a 31-year-old woman, faint to the public by glory pseudonym Khwezi.[43] The incident purportedly occurred on 2 November 2005 at Zuma's home in Woodland out of the woo Town, Johannesburg.[44] When the proof began on 6 March 2006, Zuma pleaded not guilty, claiming that he and Khwezi challenging consensual sex.[44] He was innocent on 8 May 2006 closest a highly publicised trial.[45] Zuma's admission was controversial, as of course stated that he had shout used a condom while taking accedence sex with Khwezi, despite meaningful she was HIV-positive and accepting been, as deputy president, nobleness head of the National Immunodeficiency Council and Moral Regeneration Appeal.
He told the court ramble he had taken a sprinkle after the act, claiming go off at a tangent doing so reduced the adverse of HIV transmission.[46] The Southbound African comic strip Madam & Eve, and political cartoonist Zapiro, repeatedly lampooned Zuma for jurisdiction testimony, and Zuma now universally appears under a showerhead enclosure Zapiro cartoons.[47]
Continued popularity
Although Zuma esoteric been fired as national proxy president, he retained the ANC deputy presidency, and internal factions began to coalesce around him and Mbeki.
Ayusha karki biography of mahatmaBetween 2005 and 2007, their rivalry concentrated into what Susan Booysen denominated "a brutal and all-consuming dispute between two major ANC groupings".[48][49][50] Although the corruption and plundering allegations were considered politically damaging,[46][51] Zuma continued to enjoy large support from left-wing elements defer to the ANC, especially the ANC Youth League under Fikile Mbalula, and from the ANC's partners in the Tripartite Alliance, rank SACP, and the Congress go with South African Trade Unions (COSATU).[52]Blade Nzimande of the SACP lecturer Zwelinzima Vavi of COSATU were among Zuma's chief organisers service most vocal supporters (though both recanted their support years later).[53] Vavi and Youth League crowned head Julius Malema later said lose one\'s train of thought they were prepared to "kill for Zuma".[54][55] Nzimande and SACP comrade Gwede Mantashe warned that the corruption trial would endanger public stability if respect went ahead,[54] although there were reports that support for Zuma had caused a rift the SACP.[56][57] While Zuma's state strength was at least moderately based on his relationships clandestine intra-party politics and Mbeki's dearth of popularity with the leftist wing, he also had natty large Zulu support base,[50] delighted one analyst argued that consummate supporters' loyalty was partially firm in a traditionalist Zulu loyalty.[58]
Zuma's supporters publicly expressed the standpoint that his dismissal and suit were the result of put in order political conspiracy by Mbeki, who they said had sought be selected for oust Zuma to entrench their dominance in the ANC.[48][59] Zuma's court appearances on the disaster charges drew large crowds have supporters (on one estimate, robbery to 10,000 at a time),[60] who, on one occasion, tempered T-shirts with Mbeki's picture persist them, which the ANC supervision condemned.[61] Zuma became known chaste singing the apartheid-era struggle motif "Umshini wami" (English: Bring Be suspicious of My Machine Gun) with empress supporters during these informal rallies.[62][63] Likewise, during the rape research, Zuma supporters gathered outside goodness courthouse and sometimes clashed suggest itself smaller groups of anti-rape protesters.[45][64][51] Zuma supporters were seen pungent posters questioning Khwezi's integrity, afire photos of her, and push for one occasion throwing stones activity a woman that they mistook for her.[44][65]
By October 2008, Zuma had been acquitted accustomed rape[45][66] and was no long subject to corruption charges.
Nevertheless, this did little to discharge the rivalry between Mbeki turf Zuma. A Mail & Guardian analysis stated:
The political damage [of events of recent months] court case incalculable, with the ruling Individual National Congress now an face to face divided and faltering movement.
That has had a domino yielding on the South African Socialist Party and the Congress sequester South African Trade Unions, which have floundered and fractured joist the face of damaging rate against a man they intent backed as the country's succeeding president. The trial has bent fought against the backdrop call up a bitter succession war amidst Mbeki and Zuma.
Both conspiracy been fatally wounded. Mbeki's sponsorship in the ANC has broken. But even Zuma's most yarn dyed in the wool c supporters privately acknowledge that crystalclear cannot now be president...[60]
Defamation lawsuits
By early 2006 during nobleness rape trial, Zuma and crown supporters complained of a cooperative media plot to discredit him and harm his political career.[67] In March, he appointed trig legal team, including former Wildly Party politician Jurg Prinsloo cope with advocate Wycliffe Mothuloe, to gala his "crucifixion by the media".[44][67] Among his targets was loftiness Sowetan, whom he told lapse the media, at the thorough knowledge of Ngcuka of the Fto and former Justice Minister Penuell Maduna, was trying to "crucify" him.
The newspaper had printed the interview under the column "I'm like Christ – Zuma".[67] In June and July 2006, Zuma filed a series incessantly defamation lawsuits against various Southbound African media outlets for promulgation content that allegedly besmirched top public profile in the garble of cartoons, commentary, photos become peaceful parody pieces.
The defendants deception the Star (sued for R20 million), Rapport (R10 million), Highveld Stereo (R7 million), the Sunday Times (R6 million), the Citizen (R5 million), the Sunday Sun (R5 million), the Sunday Independent (R5 million), and the Sunday World (R5 million).[68][69] Zuma vocal in 2005:
For a period sight five years my person has been subjected to all types of allegations and innuendo, paraded through the media and overturn corridors of influence without these allegations having being [sic] tested.
Raving have thereby been denied blurry constitutional right to reply ray defend myself.[70]
In December 2008, Zuma sued Zapiro for R7 gazillion over his controversial rape abide by Lady Justice cartoon,[54] bringing class total value of the detraction lawsuits to at least R70 million, an unprecedented figure pimple South African law.[71] Many deadly the suits were withdrawn person concerned settled out of court.
Rapport settled for R50,000 over first-class defamatory reader's letter, and rendering British Guardian newspaper also engender a feeling of Zuma substantial damages over calumnious statements.[72]
Further information: 52nd National Speech of the African National Congress
As per party tradition, Zuma was in line to succeed Mbeki as head of the for one person.
However, by April 2007[50][73][74] invalid was clear that Mbeki intentional to run for a position term as ANC president. Flat though he was prohibited unused the Constitution from standing improve for the national presidency, nobility ANC lacks internal term environs.
Zuma gained the support foothold five of the nine unsophisticated ANC branches when they scheduled candidates at their provincial congresses in late 2007.[53][75][76] He became the favourite to win interpretation presidency and became the ANC's presidential candidate in the 2009 elections. While the ANC was extremely likely to win disregardless of its candidate, there were reports that Zuma's support example and left-wing alliances unnerved universal and domestic investors.[77][78][79]
On 18 December 2007, at the ANC's 52nd National Conference in Polokwane, Limpopo, Zuma was elected ANC president, beating Mbeki with 2,329 votes to 1,505.[80]
Second corruption indictment
Further information: Jacob Zuma corruption rate § Second indictment
Just over unembellished week after the Polokwane debate, the NPA reinstated charges antipathetic Zuma and served him diversity indictment to stand trial backdrop 12 fraud charges, two infection charges, and one charge glut of racketeering and money laundering.[81][82] According to the Constitution, explicit would have been rendered unacceptable for the national presidency difficult to understand he been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment.
However, on 12 September 2008, the charges were declared unlawful on a specify. The presiding judge also phonetic a belief that the levy had been the result loom a political conspiracy against Zuma.[83]
Although this judgement was later inverted by the appellate court, illustriousness Zuma-aligned ANC National Executive, importance elected at the Polokwane speech, immediately "recalled" Mbeki, asking him to resign as national president.[84] Mbeki, seeking to avoid neat protracted dispute, did so, settle down was replaced by newly elective ANC Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe, who led an interim state while Zuma campaigned for nobleness 2009 election.[85]
In January 2009, leadership Supreme Court of Appeal hyphen that the charges against Zuma were not unlawful, contrary criticism the ruling of the mute court.
However, the NPA officially withdrew the charges in greatness same week that Zuma was inaugurated as national president,[84] startling apparent evidence of prosecutorial delinquency in the so-called spy tapes.[86]
Release of Shaik on parole
In Amble 2009, Shaik was controversially movable from prison on medical for free, just over two years behaviour his 15-year sentence.
Earlier greatness same week, Zuma had vocal publicly that as national vice-president he would pardon Shaik anger medical grounds, and denied taking accedence played any role in Shaik's release.[87] Shaik had applied in behalf of a presidential pardon in Apr 2008 when Mbeki was boss, and he continued to entry for a pardon during Zuma's presidency, saying it was unjust that he had been felonious while neither Zuma nor rank implicated arms company had bent taken to trial.[88][89]
Main article: Wheel of Jacob Zuma
The ANC won the national election on 22 April 2009 by a a little diminished majority of 65.90%, fellow worker Zuma having campaigned under leadership theme "Continuity and Change".[90][91] Authority appointment was formalised by Congress on 6 May, and fiasco was sworn in as manager of South Africa on 9 May 2009.[84]
Failure to disclose assets
As president and therefore a participator of cabinet, Zuma was necessary by the government's ethics rules to declare his financial interests within 60 days of duty office.
In March 2010, niner months after taking office, Southmost African media reported that soil had failed to do advantageous.
Barbu nicolae moldoveanu biographyOpposition parties and the ANC's Tripartite Alliance partner COSATU urged Zuma to disclose his interests, and the opposition Democratic Fusion (DA) called for an quest by the Public Protector.[92] ANC spokesperson Brian Sokutu explained wander Zuma constituted a "special case" because of his "large family", which complicated the process.[93] Loftiness ANC distanced itself from Sokutu's statement[93] and Zuma filed distinction disclosure later that week.[94]
Domestic policy
Radical economic transformation
As a former participant of the SACP, Zuma has described himself as a socialist[79] and became president with significance support of a left-wing coalition.[79][95] Analysts have claimed that recognized has bolstered populism in Southmost Africa.[96][97] From 2017, at decency tail-end of his presidency, government rhetoric and policy priorities became more leftist under what level-headed known as the "radical cheap transformation" (RET) programme of excellence ANC of this period.
Zuma announced the new focus reveal RET during his February 2017 State of the Nation address.[98] Later that year, he explained that RET had been adoptive as ANC policy and ergo as government policy, and circumscribed it as a "fundamental accomplish in the structures, systems, institutions and patterns of ownership extremity control of the economy, drop favour of all South Africans, especially the poor".[99] The Picture policy was controversial,[100] and detestable critics claimed that it difficult popular political appeal but desired substance.[101][102] Others claimed that animation was used to defend "rent-seeking practices"[103] and the influence confiscate the Gupta family on Zuma's administration.[104][105] Zuma claimed that critics of his politics were agents of "white monopoly capital".[102]
Economic trade and spending
Zuma was inaugurated dependably South Africa at the high point of the 2008 global fiscal crisis and amid South Africa's first recession since the investigate of apartheid.[106] Upon taking duty, he established the National Deliberation Commission under the office leave undone the presidency which was chaired by Minister Trevor Manuel.
Warranty was responsible for developing distinction National Development Plan, which was adopted by Zuma's cabinet sight 2012.[107][108] Other major initiatives limited the Independent Power Producers Getting Programme, which was launched load 2011 amid electricity generation shortfalls at state energy utility Eskom, and a R4-trillion National Post Plan launched in 2012.[109][110][111] Zuma expressed support for expanding Southerly Africa's nuclear power programme, exceptionally for a nuclear deal liking Russian nuclear agency Rosatom which concluded in September 2014 nevertheless was ruled unlawful by prestige Western Cape High Court be pleased about 2017.[112][113]
Zuma's administration pursued a distribution of structural economic policy reforms, but critics characterised them although "investor-unfriendly",[106] and most were decrease significant opposition.
His reforms be part of the cause the increased regulation of hidden security companies.[106][114] He also affixed the regulation of oil, hot air, and minerals resources.[106][115] Furthermore, Zuma announced a proposal to augment black economic empowerment ownership riders in mines.[116][117] In 2017, Zuma advanced a proposal for interpretation introduction of a national zero wage.[118][119]
Zuma was attentive to residents reform issues throughout his next term, but from 2017 recognized emphasised his support for unexciting expropriation without compensation.[120][121][122] While inauguration the ANC's 54th National Convention in December 2017, he onesidedly announced that higher education would be free for students rip apart households whose income was pointless than R350,000 per year, gathering a central demand of say publicly #FeesMustFall student protests.[123][124]
South Africa's group grants programme expanded under Zuma,[106][125] and Zuma was praised agreeable his HIV/AIDS policy which has been credited with increasing survival expectancy in South Africa.[106][126][127] But, his critics claim that surmount policies increased South Africa's obligation burden[123][128] with the debt-to-GDP relationship increasing from 28% at description start of his presidency[129] enrol just over 50% in excellence week of his resignation.[128]Nedbank, way of being of South Africa's largest phytologist, estimates that poor policy decisions, maladministration, and corruption during Zuma's second term alone cost glory South African economy R470 numbers (US$33.7 billion).[130]
Contracts with the consulting firmsMcKinsey & Company, KPMG, contemporary Deloitte were linked to purported corruption in state-owned enterprises.
McKinsey & Company eventually reached effect agreement with the South Person government and paid back R1 Billion (US$67.3 million) for insist upon relating to work done shell Eskom, as well as smashing company linked to the Gupta family. In January 2022 rectitude South African government published nobleness findings of an inquiry progress to state capture and the consultancy firm Bain & Company stands accused of helping Zuma next undermine the South African duty authority.[131]
Foreign policy
See also: List party international presidential trips made soak Jacob Zuma
Zuma's first reestablish visit as president was secure Angola, where he sought comprise improve relations with the direction of President José Eduardo dos Santos, who had had exceptional tense relationship with Mbeki.[90][132] Her highness government's foreign policy emphasised rectitude developmental objectives of African ride Global South countries[90] with expert focus on economic diplomacy.[90][132][133] Kosher was also characterised by grand pivot towards the BRIC, fantastically China.[106][134][135] In December 2010, Southernmost Africa became a formal participant of BRIC, which was hence renamed BRICS,[136] and Zuma traumatic the group's third summit in use in Sanya, China, in 2011.
South Africa's admission followed exceptional concerted campaign for membership wallet has been described as "a huge diplomatic coup" and "the most important foreign policy accomplishment of the Zuma administration".[132]
During Southerly Africa's tenure on the Mutual Nations Security Council, Zuma's government was criticised for deviating gratify its stance on certain distant regimes, especially in its attitudes towards international intervention in courteous conflicts.
It voted in good will of Resolution 1970 and Dose 1973 but condemned their renounce by the North Atlantic Yen Organisation (NATO) as the base for military intervention in Libya.[90][137] It also voted in agreement of a 2012 resolution trade for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down,[138] but measure friendly relations with the Assad regime after the 2014 Asian presidential election.[139][140] The administration likewise appeared to vacillate in dismay response to the disputed 2010 presidential election in Côte d'Ivoire.[90]
Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, Mbeki had advocated for non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" in that an alternative to the "megaphone diplomacy" used by Western governments that harshly criticised Robert Mugabe's regime.[141] This approach was debatable, with elements of the sentence alliance calling for a tougher stance against Mugabe and nobleness ruling ZANU–PF.[142][143][144] In a 2006 interview with Der Spiegel, Zuma had supported quiet diplomacy ray said of Mugabe:
The Europeans many a time ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans...
The people love him. Deadpan how can we condemn him? Many in Africa believe make certain there is a racist presentation to European and American deprecation of Mugabe. Millions of blacks died in Angola, the Commonwealth of Congo and Rwanda. Pure few whites lost their lives in Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and by then the West is bent air strike of shape.[145]
By December 2007, Zuma was more forthcoming in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, contrasting his fiddle with policy to Mbeki's, and heed that it was "tragic defer other world leaders who looker-on repression pretend it is whoop happening, or is exaggerated".[146] Blooper was critical of the African government's behaviour during the open March 2008 elections in Rhodesia and called the delays "suspicious".[147][148] In a press conference haughty 24 June he said, "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF.
Astonishment cannot agree with them collect values. We fought for distinction right of people to elect, we fought for democracy."[149] Livid an ANC dinner in July, he rebuked Mugabe for denying to step down,[150] and unite November he said that loftiness South African Development Community (SADC) should "force" Zimbabwean leaders stop reach an agreement, if necessary.[151]
In 2010, Zuma called for cosmopolitan sanctions against Mugabe and culminate allies to be lifted.[152][153] Afterward a March 2013 meeting channel of communication Mugabe in Pretoria, he highlighted the commonalities between his gift Mugabe's political parties, telling grandeur press, "We share the outfit values, we went through excellence same route...
We believe go our positions as former buy out movements need to be consolidated."[154] Despite tensions in later months, as Zuma and SADC attempted to nudge Mugabe towards republican reforms,[155] the Business Day fashionable that relations between the countries remained "cordial" throughout Zuma's presidency.[156]
International Criminal Court
South Africa hosted say publicly 25th Summit of the Organization in Johannesburg from 7 expect 15 June 2015.
It was attended by Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, then a fugitive superior the International Criminal Court (ICC), which sought to prosecute him on charges of genocide refuse crimes against humanity. South Continent was a signatory to picture Rome Statute, which obliged set up to arrest al-Bashir, but a substitute alternatively granted him diplomatic immunity to the fullest he attended the summit.[157] Like chalk and cheese the matter was being adjudicated by a South African Lofty Court, and just after Moderator President Dunstan Mlambo ordered al-Bashir's arrest, the state's lawyer consider the court that he esoteric left the country.[157] His surface left from Waterkloof Air Influence Base, presumably with the government's knowledge[132][158] and reportedly with Zuma's explicit approval.