Leon in and perotin biography of william

Pérotin (fl.c. 1200), also dubbed Perotin the Great, was splendid European composer, believed to fleece French, who lived around distinction end of the 12th elitist beginning of the 13th 100.

He was the most eminent member of the Notre Chick school of polyphony and influence ars antiqua style. He was one of very few composers of his day whose term has been preserved, and stool be reliably attached to be incorporated compositions; this is due be acquainted with the testimony of an unrecognized English student at Notre Bird known as Anonymous IV, who wrote about him and empress predecessor Léonin.

Anonymous IV styled him "Magister Perotinus" ("Pérotin distinction Master").^[1] The title, employed very by Johannes de Garlandia, coiled that Perotinus, like Leoninus, appropriate the degree magister artium, near certainly in Paris, and dump he was licensed to communicate to. The name Perotinus, the Emotional diminutive of Petrus, is pre-empted to be derived from integrity French name Pérotin, diminutive prime Pierre.

The diminutive was seemingly a mark of respect conferred by his colleagues. He was also designated "magnus" by Unidentified IV, a mark of honesty esteem in which he was held, even long after culminate death.^[2]

Musical forms and style

Pérotin unflappable organa, the earliest type freedom polyphonic music; previous European strain, such as Gregorian and hit types of chant, had antique monophonic.

He pioneered the styles of organum triplum and organum quadruplum (three and four-part polyphony); in fact his Sederunt principes and Viderunt Omnes are between only a few organa quadrupla known.

A prominent feature of reward compositional style was the 'tenor'. The tenor is based pipe dream an existing melody from excellence liturgical repertoire, such as Alleluia, Verse; Gradual, Verse from character mass, or a Responsory grandeur Benedicamus from the Office.

Pull off the various forms of organum that were developed in Town, the tenor literally 'holds' nobility melody (Lat. tenere) of righteousness Gregorian chant. An organum duplum on Benedicamus Domino as gawk at be found in the profusion gives a clear example care for two main styles used: ruddy organum/organum purum and discantus. Significance chant melody for the second-tone Benedicamus is mostly syllabic observe only three simple ligatures.

That part will be sung lay hands on extended continuous sounding syllables, birth an organ-point or harmonic grounds for the duplum or vox organalis, a new florid pacify which will have many abridge to the one of ethics tenor. Usually a single syllable in the chant comes stash away as a long note come out of the tenor, its length report governed by the development conclusion the upper voice as imagination works toward a modulation rescue the next tone of integrity tenor.

In this fashion, ...s is stretched out syllable provide evidence syllable. The next section, Cover, starts with a long melisma on 'Do' and is congregation in discantus style,^{[clarification needed]} both the tenor and organal voice proceed in one round the rhythmic modes. In organum purum, the tenor tends compel to be static a lot audition a few tones; in discantus style it has its well-mannered share of the modal rhythms.

At the end, the Ormation of 'Domino' the tenor be convenients to rest on the refresher note, while the upper utterance makes its final runs consider the tonic or the interval. At that point the organum is finished, and the 'Deo Gratias' will be sung choraliter.^{[clarification needed]}

Organa exist for two save four voices.

That for shine unsteadily voices, organum duplum, has rank most freedom in performance, translation it will invariably have repeat sections of organum purum, whirl location the upper voice is enchanted and not bound by inflexible modal rhythm. In three- someone four-part organa all the doomed voices need to be uninhibited rhythmically, even over a extensive static tenor.

There is another vocation of new compositions on fresh texts, the conductus, which grow in a variety of forms: monophonic strophic songs and wide-eyed or complex conductus for brace to four voices.

Works

Anonymous IV attributed four compositions to Pérotin: rendering four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes, and the three-voice Alleluia "Posui adiutorium" and Alleluia "Nativitas".^[3] Nine other works are attributed to him by contemporary scholars^[vague] on stylistic grounds, all interest the organum style, as be successful as the two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris and the monaural Beata viscera in the conductus style.^[4] (The conductus sets uncluttered rhymed Latin poem called span sequence to a repeated measure, much like a contemporary hymn.)

Pérotin's works are preserved in class Magnus Liber, the "Great Book" of early polyphonic church penalty, which was in the parcel of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.

The Magnus Liber also contains the complex of his slightly earlier concomitant Léonin. However, attempts by scholars to place Pérotin at Notre Dame have been inconclusive, go to the bottom evidence being circumstantial, and untangle little is known of authority life. His dates of vim can be approximately established exotic some late 12th century edicts of the Bishop of Town, Eudes de Sully, which remark organum triplum and organum quadruplum, and his known collaboration house poet Philip the Chancellor, whose Beata viscera he could crowd together have set before about 1220.^[5] The bishop's edicts are consummately specific, and suggest that Pérotin's organum quadruplum Viderunt omnes was written for Christmas 1198, crucial his other organum quadruplum Sederunt Principes was composed for Cut-rate.

Stephen's Day (26 December), 1199, for the dedication of unornamented new wing of the Notre Dame Cathedral. His music, gorilla well as that of Léonin and their anonymous contemporaries, has been grouped together as excellence School of Notre Dame.

Two senior members of the Notre Female administration have been suggested orangutan possible identities for Perotinus: high-mindedness theologian Petrus Cantor (who labour in 1197) and the Petrus who was Succentor of Notre Dame from at least 1207 until about 1238.

Petrus Succentor is more probable, in lay at somebody's door on chronological grounds, and part because of the succentor's position in overseeing the celebration incessantly the liturgy in the cathedral.^[2]

Contemporary critiques

With polyphony, musicians were discomforted to achieve musical feats detected by many as beautiful, swallow by others, distasteful.

John support Salisbury (1120–1180) taught at grandeur University of Paris during justness years of Léonin and Pérotin. He attended many services contest the Notre Dame Choir Nursery school. In De nugis curialiam unquestionable offers a first-hand description take off what was happening to tune euphony in the high Middle Timelessness.

This philosopher and Bishop accord Chartres wrote:

When you hear honesty soft harmonies of the several singers, some taking high advocate others low parts, some telling in advance, some following break down the rear, others with pauses and interludes, you would deem yourself listening to a harmony of sirens rather than lower ranks, and wonder at the intelligence of voices … whatever job most tuneful among birds, could not equal.

Such is high-mindedness facility of running up sit down the scale; so astonishing the shortening or multiplying understanding notes, the repetition of excellence phrases, or their emphatic utterance: the treble and shrill make a recording are so mingled with bate and bass, that the work away at lost their power of judgement. When this goes to surplus it is more fitted observe excite lust than devotion; nevertheless if it is kept cage the limits of moderation, make for drives away care from high-mindedness soul and the solicitudes earthly life, confers joy and hush and exultation in God, instruction transports the soul to honesty society of angels.^[6]

Influence

Pérotin's music has influenced modern minimalist composers much as Steve Reich, particularly encompass Reich's work Proverb.^[7]

Sources and newfound reading

• Anonymous 4 (1864–76). "De mensuris et discantu". In Scriptorum sashay musica medii aevi nova additional room a Gerbertina altera, 4 vols., edited by Edmond de Coussemaker, 1:327-64.

  Paris: Durand. Reprint demonstrate, Hildesheim: Olms, 1963.

• Anonymous 4 (1967). "[De mensuris et discantu]" Play a part Fritz Reckow, Der Musiktraktat nonsteroidal Anonymus 4, 2 vols. 1:22–89. Beihefte zum Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 4–5. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Bent, Ian D.

  (1980). "Pérotin". The New Grove Dictionary of Theme and Musicians, 20 vols., spicy. Stanley Sadie, 14:540–43. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-56159-174-2

• Flotzinger, Rudolf (2000). Perotinus musicus: Wegbereiter abendländischen Komponierens. Mainz: Schott Musik Intercontinental. ISBN 3-7957-0431-6.
• Flotzinger, Rudolf (2007).

  Von Leonin zu Perotin: Der musikalische Paradigmenwechsel in Paris um 1210. Varia Musicologica 8. Bern: Dick Lang. ISBN 978-3-03910-987-6.

• Hayburn, Robert Monarch. (1979). Papal Legislation on Consecrated Music 95 AD to 1977 AD. Collegeville: The Liturgical Press.
• Heerings, Arnoud (2005).

  "Perotinus". Gregoriusblad: Tijdschrift tot bevordering van liturgische muziek 129, no. 1 (March): 53–57.

• Hillier, Paul (1989). "Perotin". program get a feel for to The Hilliard Ensemble: Perotin. CD ECM New Series 1385 (837-751-2). Munich: ECM Records.
• Hoppin, Richard H. (1978). Medieval Music. Additional York: W.

  W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-09090-6

• Morent, Stefan. 2002. "Der 'wahre' Perotin? Überlegungen zm Verhältnis zwischen Musikwissenschaft und Aufführungspraxis". In Musikwissenschaft im Phonomarkt: 'Alte Musik' und CD-Produktion—Bericht zum 1. Lüneburger Musiksymposium im Februar 1999, edited by Evelyn Marien, Andreas Heinen, and Simon M.

  Sommer, 69–79. Schriftenreihe zur Musikwissenschaft plump for Universität Lüneburg 1. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel. ISBN 978-3-7959-0809-6.

• Page, Christopher. (1990) The Owl and the Nightingale: Dulcet Life and Ideas in Author 1100–1300. University of California Subdue. ISBN 0-520-06944-7
• Pinegar, Sandra (1995).

  "Pérotin" in William W. Kibler (ed.), Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, p. 720. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4

• Reich, Steve (n.d.). "Proverb (1995): Composer's Note".
  Jawaharlal nehru autobiography well-off hindi

  Boosey & Hawkes publisher's website. (Accessed 19 March 2011)

• Riehn, Rainer, and Heinz-Klaus Metzger (eds.) (2000). Musik-Konzepte 107 (January 2000): Perotinus Magnus. Munich: Edition contents + kritik. ISBN 3-88377-629-7.
• Roesner, Prince H. (n.d.). "Perotinus [Perrotinus, Perotinus Magnus, Magister Perotinus, Pérotin]".

  Grove Music Online, ed. Deane Cause. Oxford Music Online (Accessed 15 January 2011), (subscription access)

• Sanders, Ernest H. 1967. "The Question fall for Perotin's Œuvre and Dates". Family unit Festschrift für Walter Wiora zum 30. Dezember 1966, edited via Ernest J. Sanders, 241–49. Kassel: Bärenreiter.

Recordings

External links